Chemistry & Climate Processes: Recent Publications
This listing reflects publications by authors currently in the group and may not be complete. CSD Publications are updated quarterly.
2013
Emanuel, K., S. Solomon, D. Folini, , and C. Cagnazzo, Influence of tropical tropopause layer cooling on Atlantic hurricane activity, Journal of Climate, 26(7), 2288-2301, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00242.1, 2013.
Evan, S., , J. Dudhia, , and , The representation of the TTL in a tropical channel version of the WRF model, Journal of Geophysical Research, 118, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50288, 2013.
, , and S. Solomon, Pace of shifts in climate regions increases with global temperature, Nature Climate Change, online, doi:10.1038/nclimate1876, 2013.
Shindell, D.T., J.-F. Lamarque, M. Schulz, M. Flanner, C. Jiao, M. Chin, , Y. H. Lee, L. Rotstayn, N. Mahowald, G. Milly, G. Faluvegi, Y. Balkanski, W. J. Collins, A. J. Conley, S. Dalsoren, R. Easter, S. Ghan, L. Horowitz, X. Liu, G. Myhre, T. Nagashima, V. Naik, S. Rumbold, R. Skeie, K. Sudo, S. Szopa, T. Takemura, A. Voulgarakis, J.-H. Yoon, and F. Lo, Radiative forcing in the ACCMIP historical and future climate simulations, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13(6), 2939-2974, doi:10.5194/acp-13-2939-2013, 2013.
Stevenson, D.S., , V. Naik, J.-F. Lamarque, D. T. Shindell, A. Voulgarakis, R. B. Skeie, S. B. Dalsoren, G. Myhre, T. K. Berntsen, G. A. Folberth, S. T. Rumbold, W. J. Collins, I. A. MacKenzie, R. M. Doherty, G. Zeng, T. P. C. van Noije, A. Strunk, D. Bergmann, P. Cameron-Smith, D. A. Plummer, S. A. Strode, L. Horowitz, Y. H. Lee, S. Szopa, K. Sudo, T. Nagashima, B. Josse, I. Cionni, M. Righi, V. Eyring, A. Conley, K.W. Bowman, O. Wild, and A. Archibald, Tropospheric ozone changes, radiative forcing and attribution to emissions in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13(6), 3063-3085, doi:10.5194/acp-13-3063-2013, 2013.
Voulgarakis, A., V. Naik, J.-F. Lamarque, D.T. Shindell, , M.J. Prather, O. Wild, R.D. Field, D. Bergmann, P. Cameron-Smith, I. Cionni, W.J. Collins, S.B. Dalsøren, R.M. Doherty, V. Eyring, G. Faluvegi, G.A. Folberth, L.W. Horowitz, B. Josse, I.A. McKenzie, T. Nagashima, D.A. Plummer, M. Righi, S.T. Rumbold, D.S. Stevenson, S.A. Strode, K. Sudo, S. Szopa, and G. Zeng, Analysis of present day and future OH and methane lifetime in the ACCMIP simulations, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13(5), 2563-2587, doi:10.5194/acp-13-2563-2013, 2013.
, A.T. Archibald, K. W. Bowman, J.-F. Lamarque, V. Naik, D. S. Stevenson, S. Tilmes, A. Voulgarakis, O. Wild, D. Bergmann, P. Cameron-Smith, I. Cionni, W. J. Collins, S. B. Dalsøren, R. M. Doherty, V. Eyring, G. Faluvegi, L. W. Horowitz, B. Josse, Y. H. Lee, I. A. MacKenzie, T. Nagashima, D. A. Plummer, M. Righi, S. T. Rumbold, R. B. Skeie, D. T. Shindell, S. A. Strode, K. Sudo, S. Szopa, and G. Zeng, Pre-industrial to end 21st century projections of tropospheric ozone from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13(4), 2063-2090, doi:10.5194/acp-13-2063-2013, 2013.
, A.H. Butler, N. Calvo, L. Haimberger, P.J. Kushner, D.R. Marsh, W.J. Randel, and , Agreement in late twentieth century Southern Hemisphere stratospheric temperature trends in observations and CCMVal-2, CMIP3, and CMIP5 models, Journal of Geophysical Research, 118(2), 605-613, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50126, 2013.
2012
Bowman, K., D. Shindell, H. Worden, J.F. Lamarque, , D. Stevenson, z. Qu, M.d.l. Torre, D. Bergmann, P. Cameron-Smith, W. Collins, R. Doherty, S. Dalsøren, G. Faluvegi, G. Folberth, L.W. Horowitz, B. Josse, Y.H. Lee, I. MacKenzie, G. Myhre, T. Nagashima, V. Naik, D. Plummer, S. Rumbold, R. Skeie, S. Strode, K. Sudo, S. Szop, A. Voulgarakis, G. zeng, S. Kulawik, and J. Worden, Observational constraints on ozone radiative forcing from the Atmospheric Chemistry Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 12(9), 23603-23644, doi:10.5194/acpd-12-23603-2012, 2012.
Calvo, N., R.R. Garcia, D.R. Marsh, M.J. Mills, D.E. Kinnison, and , Reconciling modeled and observed temperature trends over Antarctica, Geophysical Research Letters, 39(L16803), doi:10.1029/2012GL052526, 2012.
Colette, A., , Ø. Hodnebrog, H. Jakobs, A. Maurizi, A. Nyiri, S. Rao, M. Amann, B. Bessagnet, A. D'Angiola, M. Gauss, C. Heyes, Z. Klimont, F. Meleux, M. Memmesheimer, A. Mieville, L. Rouïl, F. Russo, S. Schucht, D. Simpson, F. Stordal, F. Tampieri, and M. Vrac, Future air quality in Europe: A multi-model assessment of projected exposre to ozone, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12(21), 10613-10630, doi:10.5194/acp-12-10613-2012, 2012.
, , , and , Identifying Weekly Cycles in Meteorological Variables: The Importance of an Appropriate Statistical Analysis, Journal of Geophysical Research, 117(D13203), doi:10.1029/2012JD017574, 2012.
, , , M. McFarland, J.S. Fuglestvedt, and P. Friedlingstein, Limitations of single-basket trading: Lessons from the Montreal Protocol for climate policy, Climatic Change, 111(2), 241-248, doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0136-3, 2012.
, and , A multi-diagnostic intercomparison of tropical width and jet timeseries using meteorological reanalyses and satellite observations, Journal of Climate, 25, 1061-1078, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00127.1, 2012.
, S.R. Falke, , T. Keating, J.-F. Lamarque, M.L. Melamed, P. Middleton, G. Pétron, and S.J. Smith, New Directions: Toward a community emissions approach, Atmospheric Environment, 51, 333-334, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.055, 2012.
Lamarque, J.-F., D.T. Shindell, B. Josse, , I. Cionni, V. Eyring, D. Bergmann, P. Cameron-Smith, W.J. Collins, R. Doherty, S. Dalsoren, G. Faluvegi, G. Folberth, S.J. Ghan, L.W. Horowitz, Y.H. Lee, I.A. MacKenzie, T. Nagashima, V. Naik, D. Plummer, M. Righi, S. Rumbold, M. Schulz, R.B. Skeie, D.S. Stevenson, S. Strode, K. Sudo, S. Szopa, A. Voulgarakis, and G. Zeng, The Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP): Overview and description of models, simulations and climate diagnostics, Geoscientific Model Development, 6, 179-206, doi:10.5194/gmd-6-179-2013, 2012.
, , , S. Solomon, and R. Knutti, Perceptible changes in regional precipitation in a future climate, Geophysical Research Letters, 39(L05701), doi:10.1029/2011GL050738, 2012.
, G. Hegerl, and S. Solmon, Emerging local warming signals in observational data, Journal of Geophysical Research, 39, doi:10.1029/2012GL053952, 2012.
, O. Martius, C. Clement, and D. Ginsbourger, Changes in the odds of extreme events in the Atlantic basin depending on the position of the extratropical jet, Geophysical Research Letters, 39(L22805), doi:10.1029/2012GL053993, 2012.
, and R. Knutti, September Arctic sea ice predicted to disappear near 2°C global warming above present, Journal of Geophysical Research, 117(D06104), doi:10.1029/2011JD016709, 2012.
Naik, V., A. Voulgarakis, A.M. Fiore, L.W. Horowitz, J.-F. Lamarque, M. Lin, M.J. Prather, , D. Bergmann, P.J. Cameron-Smith, G. Cionni, W.J. Collins, S.B. Dalsøren, R. Doherty, V. Eyring, G. Faluvegi, G.A. Folberth, B. Josse, Y.H. Lee, I.A. MacKenzie, T. Nagashima, T.P.C. van Noije, D.A. Plummer, M. Righi, S.T. Rumbold, R. Skeie, D.T. Shindell, D.S. Stevenson, S. Strode, K. Sudo, S. Szopa, and G. Zeng, Preindustrial to present day changes in tropospheric hydroxyl radical and methane lifetime from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12(11), 30755-30804, doi:10.5194/acpd-12-30755-2012, 2012.
, , and , Ozone depletion due to N2O: Influences of other gases, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 367, 1256-1264, doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0377, 2012.
Solomon, S., , and , Uncertainties in the evolution of stratospheric ozone and implications for recent temperature changes in the tropical lower stratosphere, Geophysical Research Letters, 39(L17706), doi:10.1029/2012GL052723, 2012.
, , , , and , Heterogeneous Interaction of N2O5 with HCl Doped H2SO4 under Stratospheric Conditions: ClNO2 and Cl2 Yields, Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 116(24), 6003–6014, doi:10.1021/jp210960z, 2012.
Velders, G.J.M., , M.K. Miller, M.J. Molina, J. Alcamo, , , S.A. Montzka, and S. Reimann, Preserving Montreal Protocol climate benefits by limiting HFCs, Science, 335, 922-923, doi:10.1126/science.1216414, 2012.
, L.K. Emmons, , J.-F. Lamarque, C. Wiedinmyer, P. Veres, and T.C. VandenBoer, Isocyanic acid in a global chemistry transport model: Tropospheric distribution, budget, and identification of regions with potential health impacts, Journal of Geophysical Research, 117(D10308), doi:10.1029/2011JD017393, 2012.
, , S. Solomon, S.C. Sherwood, Q. Fu, and J.-F. Lamarque, Changes in stratospheric temperatures and their implications for changes in the Brewer-Dobson circulation, 1979-2005, Journal of Climate, 25(5), 1759-1772, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4048.1, 2012.
2011
Bönisch, H., A. Engel, T. Birner, P. Hoor, D.W. Tarasick, and , On the structural changes in the Brewer-Dobson circulation after 2000, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11(8), 3937-3948, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3937-2011, 2011.
Colette, A., , Ø. Hodnebrog, H. Jakobs, A. Maurizi, A. Nyiri, B. Bessagnet, A. D'Angiola, M. D'lsidoro, M. Gauss, F. Meleux, M. Memmesheimer, A. Mieville, L. Rouïl, F. Russo, S. Solberg, F. Stordal, and F. Tampieri, Air quality trends in Europe over the past decade: a first multi-model assessment, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 11657-11678, doi:10.5194/acp-11-11657-2011, 2011.
Forster, P.M., V.I. Fomichev, E. Rozanov, C. Cagnazzo, A.I. Jonsson, U. Langematz, B. Fomin, M.J. Iacono, B. Mayer, E. Mlawer, G. Myhre, , H. Akiyoshi, V. Falaleeva, N. Gillett, A. Karpechko, J. Li, P. Lemennais, O. Morgenstern, S. Oberlander, M. Sigmond, and K. Shibata, Evaluation of radiation scheme performance within chemistry-climate models, Journal of Geophysical Research, 116(D10302), doi:10.1029/2010JD015361, 2011.
, B. Bessagnet, T. Bond, A. D'Angiola, H.D.v.d. Gon, , A. Heil, J.W. Kaiser, S. Kinne, Z. Klimont, S. Kloster, J.-F. Lamarque, C. Liousse, T. Masui, F. Meleux, A. Mieville, T. Ohara, J.-C. Raut, K. Riahi, M.G. Schultz, S.J. Smith, A. Thomson, J.v. Aardenne, G.R.v.d. Werf, and D.P.v. Vuuren, Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980-2010 period, Climatic Change, 109(1-2), 163-190, doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0154-1, 2011.
, G.E. Bodeker, , and , Changes in the polar vortex: Effects on Antarctic total ozone observations at various stations, Geophysical Research Letters, 38(L01805), doi:10.1029/2010GL045542, 2011.
, , B.J. Johnson, , and S.J. Oltmans, An assessment of changing ozone loss rates at South Pole: Twenty-five years of ozonesonde measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research, 116(D22301), doi:10.1029/2011JD016353, 2011.
Hurst, D.F., S.J. Oltmans, H. Vömel, , , , E.G. Hall, and A.F. Jordan, Stratospheric water vapor trends over Boulder, Colorado: Analysis of the 30 year Boulder record, Journal of Geophysical Research, 116(D02306), doi:10.1029/2010JD015065, 2011.
Mahlstein, I., R. Knutti, , and , Early onset of significant local warming in low latitude countries, Environmental Research Letters, 6(034009), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/3/034009, 2011.
Manney, G.L., M.I. Hegglin, W.H. Daffer, M.L. Santee, , S. Pawson, M.J. Schwartz, C.D. Boone, L. Froidevaux, N.J. Livesey, W.G. Read, and K.A. Walker, Jet characterization in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS): Applications to climatology and transport studies, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11(12), 6115-6137, doi:10.5194/acp-11-6115-2011, 2011.
Meinshausen, M., S.J. Smith, K. Calvin, , M.L.T. Kainuma, J.-F. Lamarque, K. Matsumoto, S.A. Montzka, S.C.B. Raper, K. Riahi, A. Thomson, G.J.M. Velders, and D.P.P.v. Vurren, The RCP greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions from 1750 to 2500, Climatic Change, 19(1-2), 213-241, doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0156-z, 2011.
, J.M. English, O.B. Toon, , M. Mills, and J.P. Thayer, Implications of extinction due to meteoritic smoke in the upper stratosphere, Geophysical Research Letters, 38(L24808), doi:10.1029/2011GL049865, 2011.
Pyle, J.A., N.J. Warwick, N.R.P. Harris, M.R. Abas, A.T. Archibald, M.J. Ashfold, K. Ashworth, M.P. Barkley, G.D. Carver, K. Chance, J.R. Dorsey, D. Fowler, S. Gonzi, B. Gostlow, C.N. Hewitt, T.P. Kurosu, J.D. Lee, S.B. Langford, G. Mills, S. Moller, A.R. MacKenzie, A.J. Manning, P. Misztal, M.S.M. Nadzir, E. Nemitz, H.M. Newton, L.M. O'Brien, S. Ong, D. Oram, P.I. Palmer, L.K. Peng, S.M. Phang, R. Pike, T.A.M. Pugh, N.A. Rahman, A.D. Robinson, J. Sentian, A.A. Samah, U. Skiba, H.E. Ung, S.E. Yong, and , The impact of local surface changes in Borneo on atmospheric composition at wider spatial scales: coastal processes, land-use change and air quality, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 366, 3210-3224, doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0060, 2011.
Roscoe, H.K., and , Revisiting the lower stratospheric water vapour trend from 1950s to 1970s, Atmospheric Science Letters, 12(4), doi:10.1002/asl.339, 2011.
, and D.F. Hurst, Sidebar 2.4: Stratospheric Water Vapor, State of the Climate in 2010, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 92(6), 70-71, 2011.
, and M.-L. Chanin, The Antarctic Ozone Hole: A Unique Example of the Science and Policy Interface, Science Diplomacy: Antarctica, Science, and the Governance of International Spaces, Smithsonian Institutional Scholarly Press, 189-197, 2011.
, , , J.P. Vernier, E.G. Dutton, and L.W. Thomason, The persistently variable "background" stratospheric aerosol layer and global climate change, Science, 333(6044), 866-870, doi:10.1126/science.1206027, 2011.
Tandon, N.F., L.M. Polvani, and , The response of the tropospheric circulation to water vapor-like forcings in the stratosphere, Journal of Climate, 24, 5713-5720, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00069.1, 2011.
Thompson, D.W.J., , P.J. Kushner, M.H. England, K.M. Grise, and D.J. Karoly, Signatures of the Antarctic ozone hole in Southern Hemisphere surface climate change, Nature Geoscience, 4, 741-749, doi:10.1038/ngeo1296, 2011.
Wofsy, S., B.C. Daube, R. Jimenez, E. Kort, J.V. Pittman, S. Park, R. Commane, B. Xiang, G. Santoni, D. Jacob, J. Fisher, C. Pickett-Heaps, H. Wang, K. Wecht, Q.-Q. Wang, B.B. Stephens, S. Shertz, P. Romashkin, T. Campos, J. Haggerty, W.A. Cooper, D. Rogers, S. Beaton, R. Hendershot, J.W. Elkins, , , F. Moore, S.A. Montzka, J.P. Schwarz, D. Hurst, B. Miller, C. Sweeney, S. Oltmans, D. Nance, E. Hintsa, G. Dutton, , , , , M.A. Zondlo, M. Diao, R. Keeling, J. Bent, E.L. Atlas, R. Lueb, M.J. Mahoney, M. Chahine, E. Olson, P. Patra, K. Ishijima, R. Engelen, J. Flemming, R. Nassar, D.B.A. Jones, and S.E.M. Fletcher, HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO): Fine-grained, global scale measurements of climatically important atmospheric gases and aerosols, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A, 369(1943), 2073-2086, doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.031, 2011.
2010
, , , , , , , , S.A. Montzka, and A. Stohl, Variations in ozone depletion potentials of very short-lived substances with season and emission region, Geophysical Research Letters, 3(L198704), doi:10.1029/2010GL044856, 2010.
Bucholtz, A., D.L. Hlavka, M.J. McGill, K.S. Schmidt, P. Pilewskie, , E.A. Reid, and A.L. Walker, Directly measured heating rates of a tropical subvisible cirrus cloud, Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(D00J09), doi:10.1029/2009JD013128, 2010.
, E.L. Fleming, , G.J.M. Velders, C.H. Jackman, and , Options to accelerate ozone recovery: Ozone and climate benefits, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10(16), 7697-7707, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7697-2010, 2010.
Davis, S., D. Hlavka, E. Jensen, , Q. Yang, S. Schmidt, S. Borrmann, W. Frey, P. Lawson, H. Voemel, and T.P. Bui, In situ and lidar observations of tropopause subvisible cirrus clouds during TC4, Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(D00J17), doi:10.1029/2009JD013093, 2010.
Dessler, A.E., and , Trends in tropospheric humidity from reanalysis systems, Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(D19127), doi:10.1029/2009JD013093, 2010.
Karpechko, A.Y., N.P. Gillett, , , and E. Rozanov, Objective assessment of ozone in chemistry-climate model simulations, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10(3), 1385-1400, doi:10.5194/acpd-9-19351-2009, 2010.
Petropavlovskikh, I., , , , G.L. Manney, R.E. Shetter, S.R. Hall, K. Ullmann, L. Pfister, J. Hair, M. Fenn, M. Avery, and A.M. Thompson, Low-ozone bubbles observed in the tropical tropopause layer during the TC4 campaign in 2007, Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(D00J16), doi:10.1029/2009JD012804, 2010.
Pfister, L., H.B. Selkirk, D.O. Starr, , and P.A. Newman, A meteorological overview of the TC4 mission, Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(D00J12), doi:10.1029/2009JD013316, 2010.
Pike, R.C., J.D. Lee, , G.D. Carver, X. Yang, N. Warwick, S. Moller, P. Misztal, B. Langford, D. Stewart, C.E. Reeves, C.N. Hewitt, and J.A. Pyle, NOx and O3 above a tropical rainforest: an analysis with a global and box model, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10(21), 10607-10620, doi:10.5194/acp-10-10607-2010, 2010.
, F.L. Moore, , , H. Boenisch, O. Morgenstern, D. Smale, E. Rozanov, M. Hegglin, G. Pitari, E. Mancini, P. Braesicke, N. Butchart, S. Hardiman, F. Li, K. Shibata, and D.A. Plummer, Evidence for changes in stratospheric transport and mixing over the past three decades based on multiple data sets and tropical leaky pipe analysis, Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(D21304), doi:10.1029/2010JD014206, 2010.
, , , , P. Stier, M. Schulz, , S.C. Wofsy, and , Global-scale black carbon profiles observed in the remote atmosphere and compared to models, Geophysical Research Letters, 37(L18812), doi:10.1029/2010GL044372, 2010.
, , , , G.-K. Plattner, R. Knutti, and P. Friedlingstein, Persistence of climate changes due to a range of greenhouse gases, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 107, doi:10.1073/pnas.1006282107, 2010.
, , , , , , and G.-K. Plattner, Contributions of stratospheric water vapor to decadal changes in the rate of global warming, Science, 327, 1219-1223, doi:10.1126/science.1182488, 2010.
Toon, O.B., D.O. Starr, E.J. Jensen, P.A. Newman, S. Platnick, M.R. Schoeberl, P.O. Wennberg, S.C. Wofsy, M.J. Kurylo, H. Maring, K.W. Jucks, M.S. Craig, M.F. Vasques, L. Pfister, , H.B. Seikirk, P.R. Colarco, S.R. Kawa, G.G. Mace, P. Minnis, and K.E. Pickering, Planning, implementation, and first results of the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC4), Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(D00J04), doi:10.1029/2009JD013073, 2010.
Wofsy, S., B. C. Daube, R. Jimenez, E. Kort, J.V. Pittman, S. Park, R. Commane, B. Xiang, G. Santoni, D. Jacob, J. Fisher, C. Pickett-Heaps, H. Wang, K. Wecht, Q.-Q. Wang, B. B. Stephens, S. Shertz, P. Romashkin, T. Campos, J. Haggerty, W. A. Cooper, D. Rogers, S. Beaton, R. Hendershot, J. W. Elkins, , , F. Moore, S.A. Montzka, , D. Hurst, B. Miller, C. Sweeney, S. Oltmans, D. Nance, E. Hintsa, G. Dutton, , , , , M.A. Zondlo, M. Diao, R. Keeling, J. Bent, E.L. Atlas, R. Lueb, M.J. Mahoney, M. Chahine, E. Olson, P. Patra, K. Ishijima, R. Engelen, J. Flemming, R. Nassar, D.B.A. Jones, and S.E.M. Fletcher, HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO): Fine-grained, global scale measurements of climatically important atmospheric gases and aerosols, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A, 369(1943), 2073-2086 doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.031, 2010.
Zazulie, N., M. Rusticucci, and , Changes in climate at high southern latitudes: A unique daily record at Orcadas Spanning 1903-2008, Journal of Climate, 23(1), 189-196, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3074.1, 2010.