International Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers
Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994
Executive Summary
World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project - Report No. 37
United Nations Environment Programme
World Meteorological Organization
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Assessment Co-chairs
Daniel L. Albritton, Robert T. Watson, and Piet J. Aucamp
Chapters and Lead Authors
Part 1. Observed Changes in Ozone and Source Gases
- Chapter 1. Ozone Measurements (Neil R.P. Harris)
- Chapter 2. Source Gases: Trends and Budgets (Eugenio Sanhueza)
Part 2. Atmospheric Processes Responsible for the Observed Changes in Ozone
- Chapter 3. Polar Ozone (David W. Fahey)
- Chapter 4. Tropical and Midlatitude Ozone (Roderic L. Jones)
- Chapter 5. Tropospheric Ozone (Andreas Volz-Thomas and Brian A. Ridley)
Part 3. Model Simulations of Global Ozone
- Chapter 6. Model Simulations of Stratospheric Ozone (Malcolm K.W. Ko)
- Chapter 7. Model Simulations of Global Tropospheric Ozone (Frode Stordal)
Part 4. Consequences of Ozone Change
- Chapter 8. Radiative Forcing and Temperature Trends (Keith P. Shine)
- Chapter 9. Surface Ultraviolet Radiation (Richard L. McKenzie)
Part 5. Scientific Information for Future Decisions
- Chapter 10. Methyl Bromide (Stuart A. Penkett)
- Chapter 11. Subsonic and Supersonic Aircraft Emissions (Andreas Wahner and Marvin A. Geller)
- Chapter 12. Atmospheric Degradation of Halocarbon Substitutes (R.A. Cox)
- Chapter 13. Ozone Depletion Potentials, Global Warming Potentials, and Future Chlorine/Bromine Loading (Susan Solomon and Donald J. Wuebbles)
Coordinators: Common Questions About Ozone
Susan Solomon, NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, US
F. Sherwood Rowland, University of California at Irvine, US
Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers
Daniel L. Albritton
NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US
Marc Allaart
Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut The Netherlands
Fred N. Alyea
Georgia Institute of Technology US
Gerard Ancellet
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique France
Meinrat O. Andreae
Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie Germany
James K. Angell
NOAA Air Resources Laboratory US
Frank Arnold
Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik Germany
Roger Atkinson
University of California at Riverside US
Elliot Atlas
National Center for Atmospheric Research US
Piet J. Aucamp
Department of Health South Africa
Linnea M. Avallone
University of California at Irvine US
Helmuth Bauer
Forschungszentrum für Umwelt u. Gesundheit Germany
Slimane Bekki
University of Cambridge UK
Tibor Bérces
Hungarian Academy of Sciences Hungary
T. Berntsen
Universitetet I Oslo Norway
Lane Bishop
Allied Signal US
Donald R. Blake
University of California at Irvine US
N.J. Blake
University of California at Irvine US
Mario Blumthaler
University of Innsbruck Austria
Greg E. Bodeker
University of Natal/NIWA South Africa
Rumen D. Bojkov
World Meteorological Organization Switzerland
Charles R. Booth
Biospherical Instruments US
Byron Boville
National Center for Atmospheric Research US
Kenneth P. Bowman
Texas A&M University US
Geir Braathen
Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning Norway
Guy P. Brasseur
National Center for Atmospheric Research US
Carl Brenninkmeijer
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research New Zealand
Christoph Brühl
Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie Germany
William H. Brune
Pennsylvania State University US
James H. Butler
NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory US
Sergio Cabrera
Universidad de Chile Chile
Bruce A. Callander
United Kingdom Meteorological Office UK
Daniel Cariolle
Météo-France, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques France
Richard P. Cebula
Hughes STX US
William L. Chameides
Georgia Institute of Technology US
Sushil Chandra
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center US
Marie-Lise Chanin
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique France
J. Christy
University of Alabama at Huntsville US
Ralph J. Cicerone
University of California at Irvine US
G.J.R. Coetzee
Weather Bureau South Africa
Peter S. Connell
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory US
D. Considine
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center US
R.A. Cox
National Environmental Research Council UK
Paul J. Crutzen
Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie Germany
Derek N. Cunnold
Georgia Institute of Technology US
John Daniel
NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory/CIRES US
Malgorzata Degórska
Polish Academy of Sciences Poland
John J. DeLuisi
NOAA Air Resources Laboratory US
Dirk De Muer
Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique Belgium
Frank Dentener
Wageningen Agricultural University The Netherlands
Richard G. Derwent
UK Meteorological Office UK
Terry Deshler
University of Wyoming US
Susana B. Diaz
Austral Center of Scientific Research (CADIC/CONICET) Argentina
Russell Dickerson
University of Maryland US
J. Dignon
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory US
Ed Dlugokencky
NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory US
Anne R. Douglass
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center US
Tom Duafala
Methyl Bromide Global Coalition US
James E. Dye
National Center for Atmospheric Research US
Dieter H. Ehhalt
Forschungszentrum Jülich Germany
James W. Elkins
NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory US
Christine Ennis
NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory/CIRES US
D. Etheridge
CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research Australia
David W. Fahey
NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US
T. Duncan A. Fairlie
NASA Langley Research Center US
Donald A. Fisher
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company US
Jack Fishman
NASA Langley Research Center US
Eric L. Fleming
Applied Research Corporation US
Frank Flocke
Forschungszentrum Jülich Germany
Lawrence E. Flynn
Software Corporation of America US
P.M. de F. Forster
University of Reading UK
James Franklin
Solvay S.A. Belgium
Paul J. Fraser
CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research Australia
John E. Frederick
University of Chicago US
Lucien Froidevaux
California Institute of Technology/Jet Propulsion Laboratory US
J.S. Fuglestvedt
Center for International Climate & Energy Research Norway
Reinhard Furrer
Freie Universität Berlin Germany
Ian E. Galbally
CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research Australia
Brian G. Gardiner
British Antarctic Survey UK
Marvin A. Geller
State University of New York at Stony Brook US
Hartwig Gernandt
Alfred Wegener Institut Germany
James F. Gleason
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center US
Sophie Godin
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique France
Amram Golombek
Israel Institute for Biological Research Israel
Ulrich Görsdorf
Deutscher Wetterdienst Germany
Thomas E. Graedel
AT&T Bell Laboratories US
Claire Granier
National Center for Atmospheric Research US
William B. Grant
NASA Langley Research Center US
L.J. Gray
SERC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory UK
William L. Grose
NASA Langley Research Center US
J. Gross
Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie Germany
A.S. Grossman
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory US
Alexander Gruzdev
Russian Academy of Sciences Russia
James E. Hansen
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies US
Neil R.P. Harris
European Ozone Research Coordinating Unit UK
Shiro Hatekeyama
National Institute for the Environment Japan
D.A. Hauglustaine
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique France
Sachiko Hayashida
Nara Women's University Japan
G.D. Hayman
Harwell Laboratory/AEA Environment and Energy UK
Kjell Henriksen
University of Tromsø Norway
Ernest Hilsenrath
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center US
David J. Hofmann
NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory US
Stacey M. Hollandsworth
Applied Research Corporation US
James R. Holton
University of Washington US
Lon L. Hood
University of Arizona US
Øystein Hov
Universitetet I Bergen Norway
Carleton J. Howard
NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US
Robert D. Hudson
University of Maryland US
D. Hufford
Environmental Protection Agency US
Linda Hunt
NASA Langley Research Center US
Abdel M. Ibrahim
Egyptian Meteorological Authority Egypt
Mohammad Ilyas
University of Science Malaysia Malaysia
Ivar S.A. Isaksen
Universitetet I Oslo Norway
Tomoyuki Ito
Japan Meteorological Agency Japan
Charles H. Jackman
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center US
Daniel J. Jacob
Harvard University US
Colin E. Johnson
UK Meteorological Office/AEA Technology UK
Harold S. Johnston
University of California at Berkeley US
Paul V. Johnston
National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research New Zealand
Roderic L. Jones
University of Cambridge UK
Torben S. Jørgensen
Danish Meteorological Institute Denmark
Maria Kanakidou
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique France
Igor L. Karol
A.I. Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory Russia
Prasad Kasibhatla
Georgia Institute of Technology US
Jack A. Kaye
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center US
Hennie Kelder
Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut The Netherlands
James B. Kerr
Atmospheric Environment Service Canada
M.A.K. Khalil
Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology US
Vyacheslav Khattatov
Central Aerological Observatory Russia
Jeffrey T. Kiehl
National Center for Atmospheric Research US
Stefan Kinne
NASA Ames Research Center Germany
D. Kinnison
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory US
Volker Kirchhoff
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais Brazil
Malcolm K.W. Ko
Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. US
Ulf Köhler
Deutscher Wetterdienst Germany
Walter D. Komhyr
NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory US
Yutaka Kondo
Nagoya University Japan
Janusz W. Krzyscin
Polish Academy of Sciences Poland
Antti Kulmala
World Meteorological Organization Switzerland
Michael J. Kurylo
NASA Headquarters/NIST US
Karin Labitzke
Freie Universität Berlin Germany
Murari Lal
Indian Institute of Technology India
K.S. Law
University of Cambridge UK
G. LeBras
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique France
Yuan-Pern Lee
National Tsing Hua University Taiwan
Franck Lefèvre
Météo France, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques France
Jos Lelieveld
Wageningen University The Netherlands
Robert Lesclaux
Université de Bordeaux 1 France
Joel S. Levine
NASA Langley Research Center US
Joel Levy
NOAA Office of Global Programs US
J. Ben Liley
National Insitutute of Water & Atmospheric Research New Zealand
Peter Liss
University of East Anglia UK
David H. Lister
Defence Research Agency UK
Zenobia Litynska
Centre of Aerology Poland
Shaw C. Liu
NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US
Jennifer A. Logan
Harvard University US
Nicole Louisnard
Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales France
Pak Sum Low
United Nations Environment Programme Kenya
Daniel Lubin
University of California at San Diego US
Sasha Madronich
National Center for Atmospheric Research US
Jerry Mahlman
NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory US
Gloria L. Manney
California Institute of Technology/Jet Propulsion Laboratory US
Huiting Mao
State University of New York at Albany/Asrc US
W. Andrew Matthews
National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research New Zealand
Konrad Mauersberger
Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik Germany
Archie McCulloch
ICI Chemicals and Polymers Limited UK
Mack McFarland
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company US
Michael E. McIntyre
University of Cambridge UK
Richard L. McKenzie
National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research New Zealand
Richard D. McPeters
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center US
Gérard Mégie
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique France
Paulette Middleton
Science and Policy Associates US
Alvin J. Miller
NOAA National Meteorological Center US
Igor Mokhov
Institute of Atmospheric Physics Russia
Mario Molina
Massachusetts Institute of Technology US
Geert K. Moortgat
Max-Planck-Institute für Chemie Germany
Hideaki Nakane
National Institute for Environmental Studies Japan
Paul A. Newman
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center US
Paul C. Novelli
University of Colorado US
Samuel J. Oltmans
NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory US
Alan O'Neill
University of Reading UK
Michael Oppenheimer
Environmental Defense Fund US
S. Palermi
Universita' degli Studi-l'Aquila Italy
Ken Patten
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory US
Juan Carlos Pelaez
Instituto de Meteorologia Cuba
Stuart A. Penkett
University of East Anglia UK
Joyce Penner
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory US
Thomas Peter
Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie Germany
Leon F. Phillips
University of Canterbury New Zealand
Ken Pickering
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center US
R. Bradley Pierce
NASA Langley Research Center US
S. Pinnock
University of Reading UK
Michel Pirre
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique France
Giovanni Pitari
Universita' degli Studi-l'Aquila Italy
Walter G. Planet
NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service US
R. Alan Plumb
Massachusetts Institute of Technology US
Jean-Pierre Pommereau
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique France
Lamont R. Poole
NASA Langley Research Center US
Michael J. Prather
University of California at Irvine US
Margarita Préndez
Universidad de Chile Chile
Ronald G. Prinn
Massachusetts Institute of Technology US
Joseph M. Prospero
University of Florida US
John A. Pyle
University of Cambridge UK
Lian Xiong Qiu
Academia Sinica China
Richard Ramaroson
Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales France
V. Ramaswamy
NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/Princeton University US
William Randel
National Center for Atmospheric Research US
Philip J. Rasch
National Center for Atmospheric Research US
A.R. Ravishankara
NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US
William S. Reeburgh
University of California at Irvine US
C.E. Reeves
University of East Anglia UK
J. Richardson
NASA Langley Research Center US
Brian A. Ridley
National Center for Atmospheric Research US
David Rind
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies US
Curtis P. Rinsland
NASA Langley Research Center US
Aidan E. Roche
Lockheed Corporation US
Michael O. Rodgers
Georgia Institute of Technology US
Henning Rodhe
Stockholm University Sweden
Jose M. Rodriguez
Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. US
M. Roemer
TNO Institute of Environmental Sciences The Netherlands
Franz Rohrer
Forschungszentrum Jülich Germany
Richard B. Rood
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center US
F. Sherwood Rowland
University of California at Irvine US
Colin E. Roy
Australian Radiation Laboratory Australia
Jochen Rudolph
Forschungszentrum Jülich Germany
James M. Russell III
NASA Langley Research Center US
Nelson Sabogal
United Nations Environment Programme Kenya
Karen Sage
NASA Langley Research Center US
Ross Salawitch
Harvard University US
Eugenio Sanhueza
Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas Venezuela
K.M. Sarma
United Nations Environment Programme Kenya
Toru Sasaki
Meteorological Research Institute Japan
Sue M. Schauffler
National Center for Atmospheric Research US
Hans Eckhart Scheel
Fraunhofer Institut für Atmosphärische Umweltforschung Germany
Ulrich Schmidt
Forschungszentrum Jülich Germany
Rainer Schmitt
Meteorologie Consult Germany
Ulrich Schumann
DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphare Germany
M.D. Schwarzkopf
NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory US
Gunther Seckmeyer
Fraunhofer Institute for Atmospheric Environment Germany
Jonathan D. Shanklin
British Antarctic Survey UK
Keith P. Shine
University of Reading UK
H.W. Sidebottom
University College Dublin Ireland
P. Simmonds
University of Bristol UK
Paul C. Simon
Institut d'Aeronomie Spatiale de Belgique Belgium
Hanwant B. Singh
NASA Ames Research Center US
Paula Skrivánková
Czech Hydrometeorological Institute Czech Republic
Herman Smit
Forschungszentrum Jülich Germany
Susan Solomon
NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US
Johannes Staehelin
Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zürich Switzerland
Knut Stamnes
University of Alaska US
L. Paul Steele
CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research Australia
Leopoldo Stefanutti
Instituto di Riccrea sulle Onde Elettromagnetiche del CNR Italy
Richard S. Stolarski
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center US
Frode Stordal
Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning Norway
A. Strand
University of Bergen Norway
B.H. Subbaraya
Physical Research Laboratory India
Nien-Dak Sze
Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. US
Anne M. Thompson
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center US
Xue X. Tie
National Center for Atmospheric Research US
Margaret A. Tolbert
University of Colorado US
Darin W. Toohey
University of California at Irvine US
Ralf Toumi
University of Cambridge UK
Michael Trainer
NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US
Charles R. Trepte
NASA Langley Research Center US
Adrian Tuck
NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory US
R. Van Dorland
Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut The Netherlands
Karel Vanicek
Czech Hydrometeorological Institute Czech Republic
Geraint Vaughan
University of Wales UK
Guido Visconti
Universita' degli Studi-l'Aquila Italy
Andreas Volz-Thomas
Forschungszentrum Jülich Germany
Andreas Wahner
Forschungszentrum Jülich Germany
Wei-Chyung Wang
State University of New York at Albany/Asrc US
David I. Wardle
Atmospheric Environment Service Canada
David A. Warrilow
UK Department of the Environment UK
Joe W. Waters
California Institute of Technology/Jet Propulsion Laboratory US
Robert T. Watson
Office of Science and Technology Policy US
E.C. Weatherhead
NOAA Air Resources Laboratory US
Christopher R. Webster
California Institute of Technology/Jet Propulsion Laboratory US
D. Weisenstein
Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. US
Ray F. Weiss
Scripps Institution of Oceanography US
Paul Wennberg
Harvard University US
Howard Wesoky
National Aeronautics and Space Administration US
Thomas M.L. Wigley
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research US
Oliver Wild
University of Cambridge UK
Paul H. Wine
Georgia Institute of Technology US
Peter Winkler
Deutscher Wetterdienst Germany
Steven C. Wofsy
Harvard University US
Donald J. Wuebbles
University of Illinois US
Vladimir Yushkov
Central Aerological Observatory Russia
Ahmed Zand
Tehran University Iran
Rudi J. Zander
University of Liege Belgium
Joseph M. Zawodny
NASA Langley Research Center US
Reinhard Zellner
Universitat Gesamthochschule Essen Germany
Christos Zerefos
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece
Xiu Ji Zhou
Academy of Meteorological Science China
Sponsoring Organizations Liaisons
Rumen D. Bojkov, World Meteorological Organization, Switzerland
K.M. Sarma, United Nations Environment Programme, Kenya
Daniel L. Albritton, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US
Michael J. Kurylo, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, US
Coordinating Editor
Christine A. Ennis, NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory/CIRES, US
Editorial Staff
Jeanne S. Waters, NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, US
Publication Design and Layout
University of Colorado at Boulder Publications Service:
Elizabeth C. Johnston
Patricia L. Jensen
Andrew S. Knoedler
Conference Coordination and Documentation
Rumen D. Bojkov, World Meteorological Organization, Switzerland
Marie-Christine Charriére, World Meteorological Organization, France
Christine A. Ennis, NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory/CIRES, US
Jeanne S. Waters, NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, US
Conference Support
Flo M. Ormond, Birch and Davis Associates, Inc., US
Kathy A. Wolfe, Computer Sciences Corporation, US
Return to the WMO/UNEP Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994
- Executive Summary
- Common Questions About Ozone
- List of Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers of the Assessment
The World Wide Web version of the Executive Summary of the WMO/UNEP Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994 was prepared by Dr. Gregory P. Dubois-Felsmann of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, with support from NCAR's Advanced Study Program, in cooperation with Dr. Daniel L. Albritton and Dr. Christine A. Ennis of the NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory.
The Executive Summary may be reproduced or excerpted, without modification, provided the source is duly and conspicuously acknowledged in every instance as:
World Meteorological Organization, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994, WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project - Report No. 37, Geneva, 1995.
Copies of the Executive Summary are available at no charge by writing to:
United Nations Environment Programme
Ozone Secretariat
P.O. Box 30552
Nairobi, Kenya
The Executive Summary was published in print in February 1995. The World Wide Web version was derived directly from the source of the printed edition and was made public in March 1996.